Vaccination

 Vaccination

It is a common saying that prevention is better than cure.  To prevent certain diseases, you can follow an immunization programme through vaccines.  By vaccination, you can prevent diseases by enabling your body systems to fight against the disease-causing germs.  They may enter the body through different ways and sources.  As you already know, developing the fighting capability in a body is called immunization.  A new-born baby is inoculated with triple vaccine of diphtheria, tetanus and  pertussis or whooping cough (DPT).  Vaccines are given on a massive scale to restrict or prevent epidemics, such as cholera and typhoid. A vaccine stimulates your immune system to produce antibodies exactly like it would if you were exposed to the disease. After getting vaccinated, you develop immunity to that disease first. This is what makes vaccines such powerful medicine.

Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV)

You have heard of pulse polio immunization.  It constitutes the largest single day public health event, it was conducted for the first time in December, 1995, in an attempt to eradicate polio from our country.  Let us know something about the Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV).  A dose of 3 drops is given orally to the child as per the National Immunisation Schedule (NIS), which, is, one dose each at 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 months age and a booster dose at the age of 1.5 years.  The vaccine consists of milder forms of polio viral particles. 

Q1. Find the odd one out:                                                                                    (1 mark)

a) BCG                   b) DPT                    c) OPV                   d) NIS

Ans-d

Q2. The diseases in   DPT are:                                                                               (1 mark)

a)    Diarrhoea, pneumonia, tetanus

b)    Diphtheria, pneumonia, TB

c)    Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus

d)    Diarrhoea, pneumonia, tetanus

Ans- c

Q3. State True or False:                                                                                         (5 marks)

a)    A dose of 4 drops is given orally to the child as per the National immunization schedule.

b)    Small pox is the disease which has been totally eradicated from the world.

c)    Vaccine consists of dead or weakened form of microbes, its toxins or one of its surface.

d)    A booster dose of OPV is given at 2.5 years.

e)    All vaccines are 100% effective.

Q4. How vaccines protect individuals and community?                            (3 marks)

Q5 . In this pandemic era everybody wants to develop immunity and is waiting for covid19 vaccine. In this regard doctors are using a term frequently “herd immunity”. What is herd   immunity  ? Is it real? Does it work?                                              (5 marks)

Q6 . A child is invited to a chicken pox party. Would it be better for the child to get the chicken pox this way?                                                                      (5 marks)

 

ELECTRIC MOTOR

 ELECTRIC MOTOR

  It works on the principle that when a current-carrying conductor is  placed in a magnetic field it will experience a force on it.

It consists of the following parts:-

1. Armature ABCD 

2. Field magnets N and S                                           

3. Split rings P and Q                                  

4. Brushes X and Y

      When a current is allowed to flow through the coil ABCD by closing the switch, the coil starts rotating in anti-clockwise direction. This happens because of a downward force acts on arm AB and at the same time, an upward force acts on  arm CD. The direction of forces can be  found by using Fleming’s left hand rule. As a result, the coil rotates in anti-clockwise direction.

      After half a rotation, the position of AB and CD gets interchanged  so the direction of current in the coil ABCD gets reversed. hence the half-ring P comes in contact with brush Y and half-ring Q comes in contact with brush Y.

      The speed of rotation of motor can be increased by:-

(i)            Increasing current through armature

(ii)          Increasing number of turns in the coil of armature

(iii)        Increasing area of the coil.

(iv)        Increasing strength of the magnetic field.

 Q 3.1: What kind of energy transformation takes place in an electric motor:-

           (a) Electrical energy into chemical energy

           (b) Electrical energy into light energy 

           (c) Mechanical energy into electric energy

           (d) Electrical energy into mechanical energy.

Q3.2. State YES or NO:-

Statement	Responses
(i)            Fleming’s left hand rule is used to find the direction of force	Yes/no
(ii)          Electric motor works on the principle of Electro Magnetic Induction	Yes/no

 

Q 3.3. Will there be any change in the direction of rotation of the armature of motor when position of both the poles (N and S)  are interchanged? Give your reply with proper explanation.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Answer 

3.1

 Full Credit:-Option (d)

 No Credit:- For any other responses.

  3.2

Full Credit:- 

(i) Yes  (ii)No    

Answer: 3.3

 Full credit :-Direction of rotation of electric motor will change in opposite direction .It will rotate in clockwise direction because of opposite directions of forces on the arms AB and CD according to Fleming’s left hand rule due to change in direction of magnetic field.

Partial credit:-  Opposite direction

 No credit:- For any other response or  wrong responses.

 

IRREGULAR FOOD HABIT AND ACIDITY

 

IRREGULAR FOOD HABIT AND ACIDITY

^{A Group of teachers in a Common training Programme went for lunch in break. One of them, named Sandeep, felt Stomach Ache. Nurse madam was immediately called ,}

^{She said that Mr. Sandeep has acidity problem. Mr Sandeep said that he had taken heavy oily food for breakfast. He felt relaxed soon after he was given ANTA-ACID(milk of magnesia, baking soda etc) .}

 ^{And also learnt about that one must have healthy food to avoid common digestion problems}

^{Q.1. 1) The main cause of acidity is}   

^{a) Bad food habit}                                                           

^{b) Heavy oily and spicy food}

^{c)Excess secretion of HCl in stomach}                        

^{d) smoking habit}

^{Ans- c)}                      

 ^{Q.1.2) A Country has a high number of acidity problems.  Can the following questions about acidity be answered by scientific experiments? Circle YES OR NO for each question.}

^{a)Can this question about acidity be answered by scientific experiment?    (YES/NO)}

^{b)what would be the effect of acidity after taking anta-acid?     (YES/NO)}

^{c)how much should a person visit to the doctor?  (YES/NO)}

    ^{Ans- a) YES,     b)YES,      c) NO}

^{Q)1.3-Which one of following is a function of anta-acid?}

^{a)To reduce the effect of acid}

^{b)To neutralize excess acid secreted by histamine}

^{c)To make person relaxed due to chemical reaction}

^{d)No effect}

^{Ans-  both  a) and b)}         

^{Q.1.4) What food habits are to be developed to avoid acidity?}

^{Ans……………………………………………………………….}

^{Answer- a) taking food timely, avoid oily and junk food, regular exercise-}       

Artificial sweetening agents

 

 Artificial sweetening agents

Artificial sweetening agents like saccharin, aspartame, sucralose, alitame(are artificial sweeteners) do not have any nutritional value. They do not provide calorie intake. Artificial sweeteners have a very great importance to diabetic persons and to the persons who need to control intake of calories. Some artificial sweeteners like aspartame can be used only in cold foods and soft drinks because they are not stable at high temperatures. Alitame is about 2000 times sweeter than sucrose.

saccharin- is Ortho-sulphobenzimide and fist popular artificial sweetening reagent, discovered in 1879. it is about 550 times as sweet as cane sugar. it is excreted from the body in urine unchanged

Aspartame- is the most successful and widely used artificial sweetener. it is about 100 times as sweet as cane sugar. it is methyl ester of dipeptide formed from aspartic acid and phenylalanine.

Alitame-is high potency sweetener, although it is more stable aspartame . the control of sweetness of food is difficult while using.

Sucralose- is trichloro derivative of sucrose. its taste and appearance like  sugar. it is stable at cooking temperature.

these 

Question 2.1 The purpose of using artificial sweetening agents is-

(A)          As a source of instant energy to the body.

(B)         To give sweet taste .

(C)         To provide intake of calories  .

(D)        Both (B) and ( C) .

Ans-B

Question 2.2  - Aspartame can not be used in hot tea because-

(A)    It is stable at cooking temperature .

(B)    It decomposes in hot tea.

(C)    It does not provide calorie.

(D)   All of the above.

 Ans-B

Question 2.3 --------- is trichloro derivative of sucrose.

Ans- Sucralose

ORS

  Oral rehydration Salts

ORS means Oral rehydration Salts we are taking in the form of solution to become more energetic during the summer seasons specially. Because more water and salts or ions from our body is released due to sweating and weakness caused. Some time extra water and ions are released from the body due to diarrhea, dysentery, vomiting also.

Physiologically the ORS provides us ions to maintain the nervous system transmission smoothly by Na, Cl, and K pumps during the nerve impulse as shown in the diagram. Water is the main component of blood which enhances the capacity of transportation along with these ions which are present in the form of ORS solutions. Hence we are prevented from internal organs failure also. That’s why Doctors are suggesting we keep this ORS in the form of first aid or keep it at home for personal safety purposes .

Question 1. Which one of them is essential for rehydration?

  (a)  Thumbs up

   (b)  Pepsi

   (c)  ORS

   (d)   Soft drink

Answer- c

Question 2. Ions essential for the maintaining of nervous system properly are

(a)  Cl, Ca and Mn

(b)  Ca, P and Mg

(c)   Na, K and Cl

(d)  Cl, Mn and Ca

      Answer -c

Question 3. True or False

        (i)     Soft drink rehydrates us due to we feel no thrusts.

        (ii)   ORS is exactly similar to common sarbat /sugar solution of India.

          Answer –Both (i) and (ii) are false                            

Question 4. Fill in the blank

      The full form of ORS is ………………

         Answer -oral rehydration salts

Question 5. Why ORS used as first aids?

      Answer – For rehydration, more energetic health, to maintain nerve cell function, preventing organ failure under dehydration condition, Refreshment, recharges us to perform more work, use as oral saline.

Virus

Viruses are microscopic but they are not considered as living beings. They are considered as a borderline case between livings and non- living. A virus behaves as non- living when it is outside a host cell, i.e. a virus does not carry on nutrition, respiration or reproduction when it is outside a host. But once it is inside a host, it behaves like a living - being, i.e. it carries on nutrition, respiration and reproduction when it is inside a host. Examples HIV, TOBACCO MOSAIC, VIRUS (TMV) etc.

Life Cycle of Virus: 

Q1: Is virus a living organism:

a. Yes

b. No

c. Both 1 and 2

d. It is a link between living and non- living.

Answer: d

Q.2  : In which situation, a virus behaves like living organisms?

a.  When it is in the air

b.  When it is in the water

c.  When it is inside the living cell

d.  When it is in the soil 

Ans--c

Q 3. What kind of life processes a virus can perform?

                                                                                                               

Answer: It performs nutrition, respiration and reproduction

                                          

 

EVOLUTION

Evolution explains the beginning of life on earth. Charles Darwin uncovered the theory of evolution and the method of natural selection. Thanks to Darwin, now we know why life is the way it is. Evolution explains the concept of genesis of

first life in so called ‘hot dilute soup’ from the inorganic substances and also new species from pre-existing ones. Idea of evolution also describes the concept of homologous and analogous organs. Homologous organs are those organs which are structurally same, share a common origin but functionally they are different. Analogous organs represent a different scenario. Here we find that organs perform same function but they are not structurally same and they don't share any immediate common ancestor. Darwin emphasized on natural selection as the driving force of evolution but recent studies show the presence of genetic drift along with natural selection as the driving force of evolution.

 

Q1. Evolution describes –

a)      Origin of earth

b)      Origin of universe

c)      Origin of life on earth

)     Origin of atmosphere around the earth Scoring –

 

Full credit – Option c)

 

No credit – Any other option or missing response Context – Evolution

 

Situation – Global

 

Process – Identifying scientific concept Level – Easy

 

Type – Simple MCQ

Q2. Do you agree with following statements? Encircle YES or NO.

Statement – First life originated in primitive ocean. (YES / NO)

 

Statement – Patagium of bat and insect wings are homologous organs. (YES / NO)

Scoring –

 

Full credit – YES for first statement and NO for second statement

 

No credit – Any other answer or no response.

Context – Evolution

 

Situation – Global

Process – Explaining scientific phenomenon

 

Level – Medium

 

Type – Complex MCQ

 

Q3. Read the following statement and encircle AGREE or DISAGREE.

Statement – The origin of first life was abiogenic (AGREE / DISAGREE)

 

Scoring –

 

Full credit – AGREE

No credit – DISAGREE or missing response

 

Context – Evolution

Situation – Global

 

Process – Deciphering scientific concept

 

Level – Medium

Type – Complex MCQ

Q4. To prove that first life originated from simple inorganic molecules and the climate of the primitive earth helped in that, two renowned scientists performed a famous experiment. They simulated the climate of the primitive earth in the laboratory and proved the same.

The figure above shows the scheme of the experiment conducted by those two renowned scientists. Upon analysis it was found that at least five amino acids were produced when the experiment was conducted for one week from the inorganic gases. This famous experiment was performed in the year of 1953.

 

From the description and figure, identify the experiment and name the scientists who performed the experiment.

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Scoring –

 

Full credit – Stanley Miller and Harold Urey

No credit – Any other name or missing response.

Context – Evolution

Situation – Global

Process – Identifying scientific concept

Level – Medium

Type – Closed construct

Q5. A student of science got interested in this experiment and he tried to perform the same experiment to see what are the organic chemicals that are produced after a week-long experiment. He added all the materials but somehow forgot to add ammonia. After experiment, he performed analysis through paper chromatography but couldn’t see any spot on it. However going through the literature, he found out that Miller and Urey saw some spots of amino acid in the chromatographic paper.

 

Can you imagine the reason behind this?

 

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Scoring –

 

Full credit – As the student forgot to add ammonia, no amino acid was synthesized in his reaction. Ammonia acts as a source of nitrogen for amino acid and as the experimental container was sealed, nitrogen couldn’t enter it from the atmosphere. Due to absence of amino acid, no spot was seen in the paper chromatography.

 

Partial credit – Ammonia is one of the main ingredients to produce amino acid

 

OR

 

All the components are necessary to produce amino acid

 

No credit – Any other answer or no response.

Context – Evolution

Situation – Global

 

Process – Explaining scientific phenomenon

Level – Hard

 

Type – Open construct