Key point of Human Reproduction

 CHAPTER 3: HUMAN REPRODUCTION (KEYPOINTS)

 

S.NO	Term	Explanation
1	Spermatogenesis	The immature male germ cells produce sperms that begins at puberty (Production of sperm)
2	Spermiogenesis	The process of transformation of spermatids into sperm
3	Spermiation	Release of sperms from seminiferous tubule
4	Oogenesis	Process of formation of a mature female gamete initiated during embryonic development
5	Ovulation	The process during which the Graafian follicle ruptures to release the secondary oocyte (ovum) from the ovary
6	Menarche	The first menstruation that begins at puberty (Starting of first menstrual flow in females)
7	Menstrual cycle	Cycle of events starting from one menstruation till the next one after every 28 / 29 days
8	Menopause	Ceasation of menstrual cycle around 50 years of age
9	Cleavage	The mitotic division the zygote undergoes when it moves toward uterus and forms blastomeres
10	Implantation	Embedding of blastocyst in the endometrium of the uterus leads to pregnancy
11	Parturition	Vigorous contraction of the uterus at the end of pregnancy causing expulsion/delivery of the foetus (child birth)
12	Foetal ejection reflex	Mild uterine contractions induced by the signals for parturition from the fully developed foetus and the placenta
13	Lactation	The process by which the mammary gland start producing milk
14	GnRH	Gonadotropin releasing hormone
15	LH	Luteinising hormone
16	FSH	Follicle stimulating hormone
17	hCG	Human chorionic gonadotropin
18	hPL	Human placental lactogen

Key points of Sexual reproduction in flowering plants

UNIT VI – REPRODUCTION

 CHAPTER : 2 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS (KEY POINTS)

S.No	Term	Explanation
1	Microsporogenesis	Formation of microspores from a PMC through meiosis
2	Megasporogenesis	Formation of megaspores from the mega spore mother cell
3	Monosporic development	Embryo sac formation from a single megaspore
4	Pollination	Transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of a pistil
5	Auto gamy	Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same flower
6	Geitonogamy	Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of another flower of the same plant
7	Xenogamy	Transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of a different plant
8	Artificial hybridisation	Crossing different species to combine desirable characters to produce superior varieties
9	Emasculation	Removal of anthers from flower bud before the anther dehisces
10	Bagging	Covering emasculated flowers with a bag to prevent contamination of its stigma with unwanted pollen
11	Syngamy	Fusion of male and female gamete
12	Triple fusion	Fusion of three haploid nuclei
13	Double Fertilisation	Two types of fusions syngamy and triple fusion that takes place in an embryo sac
14	Post fertilization events	Events of endosperm ,embryo development ,maturation of ovule into seed, ovary into fruit
15	Free –nuclear endosperm	The stage of endosperm development wherein PEN undergoes successive nuclear divisions to give rise to free nuclei
16	Dormancy of seed	Embryo enter a state of inactivity (Resting period of seed)
17	False fruit	Thalamus contributes to fruit formation
18	True fruit	Fruits develop from the ovary
19	Parthenocarpic fruits	Fruits develop without fertilisation
20	Apomixis	Production of seeds without fertilization, in grasses
21	Polyembryony	More than one embryo in a seed
22	Filament	Long slender stalk of stamen
23	Anther	Bilobed structure of stamen
24	Dithecous	Two theca in each lobe
25	Tapetum	Innermost wall layer of micro sporangia
26	Sporogenous tissue	Compactly arranged homogenous cells in the centre of microsporangia
27	Microspore tetrad	Cluster of four microspores
28	Pollen grains	Male gametophyte
29	Exine	Hard outer layer of pollen grain
30	Sporopollenin	Most resistant organic material of exine
31	Germ pore	Apertures in pollen grain
32	Intine	Inner wall of the pollen grain
33	Generative cell	Cell floats in the cytoplasm of vegetative cell
34	Monocarpellary	Single pistil
35	Multicarpellary	More than one pistil
36	Syncarpous	Fused pistils
37	Apocarpous	Free pistils
38	Stigma	Landing platform of pollen grains
39	Style	Elongated slender part beneath the stigma
40	Ovary	Basal bulged part of pistil
41	Ovule	Megasporangia
42	Funicle	Stalk of ovule
43	Hilum	Region ,the body of the ovule fuses with funicle
44	Integuments	Protective envelopes of ovule
45	Micropyle	Small opening in the ovule
46	Chalaza	Basal part of the ovule
47	Embryo sac	Female gametophyte
48	Egg apparatus	Three cells at the micropylar end with two synergids and one egg cell
49	Antipodals	Three cells at the chalazal end
50	Cleistogamous flower	Flowers which do not open at all
51	Zygote	Diploid cell resulting out of fertilisation
52	Primary endosperm cell	Central cell after triple fusion becomes PEC
53	Embryogeny	Embryo development
54	Epicotyl	Portion of embryonal axis above the level of cotyledons
55	Hypocotyl	Portion of embrgonic axis below the level of cotyledons
56	Scutellum	Cotyledon of grass family situated towards one side of embryonal axis
57	Coleorrhiza	Undifferentiated sheath that encloses radical and root cap
58	Coleoptile	Hollow foliar structure that encloses a shoot apex and a few leaf primordia
59	Non-albuminous seed or ex-albuminous	No residual endosperm as it is completely consumed during embryo development
60	Albuminous	Retain a part of endosperm as it is not completely used up during embryo development
61	Perisperm	Residual persistent nucellus
62	Pericarp	Wall of the fruit

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