INVESTIGATORY PROJECT OF

“preparation of soap and their cleaning agent”

 Guided by: 

Submitted by:

 

 

 

 

 

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that

Master………………………………..………………………………..…………………………………a student

Of class 12 XII science has successfully completed the project “preparation of soap and their cleansing agent” under guidance of Mr. MUKESH KR. BABELE( PGT-CHEMISTRY). During the academic year 2020-21 in partial fulfillment of chemistry practical examination conducted by AISSCE,DELHI.

 

 

 

SIGN OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER::

 

 

SIGN OF SUBJECT TEACHER::

 

 

SIGN OF PRINCIPAL::

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

 

First of all I am immensely indebted to almighty god for his blessings of and grace without which I could not have undertaken this task and my efforts would never have been success.

I would like to sincerely and profusely thank MR. MUKESH KUMAR BABELE

For the valuable guidance,  advice and for giving useful suggestions and relevant ideas facilitate and easy and early completion of this project.

This guidance and support received from my entire classmates who contributed and who are contributing to this project, is vital for the success of this project. I am greatful for their constant support and help.

I also owe sense of gratitude to my parents for encouragement and support throughout the project.

 

 

 

 

SIGNATURE OF STUDENT::

 

CONTENTS

 

SR.NO.	TITLE
1	AIM
2	INTRODUCTION
3	MICELLE
4	TO PREPARE SAMPLE OF SOAP
5	PROCEDURE
6	PROPERTIES
7	HARD WATER REACTION
8	THE UNIVERSE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOAPS
9	BIODEGRADABLE AND NON BIODEGRADABLE
10	DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOAP AND DETERGENTS

 

 

  

 

TO STUDY THE PREPARATION OF SOAP AND THEIR CLEANSING AGENT

 

INTRODUCTION

In chemistry, soap is a salt of a fatty acid. Soap are mainly used as surfactants for washing, bathing, cleaning .

Fats and oils are composed or triglycerides; three molecules of fatty acids are attached to a single molecules of glycerol. The alkaline solution, which is often called lye, brings about a chemical reaction as saponification .

They have a polar end  which is hydrophilic (water loving) and a long non-polar chain which is hydrophobic (water hating). As a consequence, they can form emulsion by suspending oil in water.

FATTY  END OF WATER SOLUBLE END

CH3-(CH2)n-COONa

Soaps are useful for cleaning because soap molecules have both a hydrophilic end, which dissolves in water, as well as hydrophobic end, which is able to dissolve non-polar grease molecules.

 

MICELLE

Micelles is an aggregate of surfactant molecules disperse in a liquid colloid.

In an aqueous  solution, molecules having polar or charged or group and non polar regions (amphiphilic  molecules) from aggregate called micelle. In a micelle, polar or ionic heads from an outer shell in contact with water, while non-polar tails are sequestered in the interior.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hence, the core of a micelle being formed of long non-polar tails, resembles an oil gasoline drop. The number of amphiphilic molecules forming the aggregate is called aggregation number ; it is a way to describe the size of the micelle.

 

TO PREPARE SAMPLE OF SOAP AND TO EXAMINE ITS PROPERTIES::

EQUIPMENT’S:-

*250ml beaker

*sodium hydroxide(20% solution)

*100ml beaker

*ethanol

*wire gauge

*saturated solution of sodium chloride

*laboratory burner

*CaCl (5% solution)

*glass stirring rod

*MgCl2 (5% solution )

*test tube and FeCl (5% solution)

*filter flask and burner funnel

*kerosene and filter paper

*cooking oil and graduated cylinder

*watch glass to extinguished ethanol flames

 

PROCEDURE:-

1.Measure 20 gm of cooking oil into a 250ml beaker. At 20 ml of ethanol and 25ml of 20% NaOH solution. Stir the mixture in the beaker, place the beaker on wire gauge on a rings stand and heat gently.

2. Heat until the odor disappears.

3. Turns of the burner and allow the beaker to cool down 

4. move it safely to bensetop

 

   5. At that 100ml of saturated NaCl  to your soap preparation and stir the mixture thoroughly.

6. It is used to remove the soap from water, glycerol and any excess NaOH present.

7. Filter of the soap with vacuum filtration apparatus and wash once with ice water.

8. Weigh your dried soap and record the weight.

 

PROPERTIES

WASHING  PROPERTIES

Take a small amount of soap and try to wash your hands with it. It should lather rather easily if soft water or deionized water.

EMULSIFICATION

Put 5-10 drops of kerosene in test tube containing 10ml water shake to mix. Emulsification or suspension of tiny oil droplets in water from formed ..let this stand for a few minutes.

Prepare a another test tube with the same ingredients and also add a small portion (1/2 gm)of your soap. Shake to mix, compare the relative stability of the two emulsion.

 

HARD WATER REACTION

Take 1g of your soap and warm it with 150ml of water in a 100ml beaker.

When you have obtained a reasonably clear solution. Pour about 15ml into each of three test tubes.

Test one of the three test tubes with 10 drops of 5% CaCl2 solution, one with 10 drops of 5% MgCl2 solution and one with 10 drops 5% FeCl3 solution.

Let these solution stand, then make your observation.

BASICITY:- Soap with free alkali can be very damaging to skin, silk or wool.

It’s test

Dissolve a small piece of your soap in 15ml of ethanol and then add two drops of phenolphthalein. It the indicators turns red, the presence of free alkali is indicated.

It the indicators turns red, the presence of free alkali is indicator.

·      Fats and oils are hydrolyzed with a high pressure to yield crude fatty acids and glycerols.

·      The fatty acid are then purified by distillation and neutralized with an alkali to produce soap and water.

·      Fatty acid + NaOH > glycerol + sodium soap

·      Sodium soaps are “hard” soap

·      The more saturated the oil (tropical vegetables oils such as coconut oil), the harder the soap.

Fatty acid + KOH > glycerol + potassium soap

 

Potassium soap are softer and are found in some liquid hand soap and shaving cream.

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I would like to acknowledge the following sources through which I obtained vital information which contributed in the completion of this project:

 

        I.            slideshare.com

     II.            wikipedia.org

   III.            icbse.co.in

  IV.            scribd.com