Important topics of Biomolecules

 Biomolecules:

*Reaction of glucose with HI, hydroxyl amine, Bromine water, nitric acid, acetic anhydride

* Which reaction suggests cyclic structure of glucose

* Products of hydrolysis of sucrose, maltose, lactose

*Reducing and non reducing sugars with examples

*Essential and non essential amino acids with example.

*zwitter ion

* Invert sugar

*Denaturation of proteins 

*Peptide linkage

*Glycosydic linkage

* Amphoteric nature of amino acids

*Diff between fibrous and globular proteins

*Primary structure of proteins

*Which is optically active alpha amino acid.

*Nucleoside and nucleotide

*Diff between DNA and RNA

*Two strands of DNA are complementary to each other

 Dear children first of all complete these portions one by one don"t forget to write at least twice or thrice.. 

1.Prepare name reaction in a proper order and try to remember.. 

2. Pair distinguish

3.Complete the reaction

4. Reasoning based questions from organic, inorganic and physical chemistry

5. Identification of compounds A, B, C, D and E type questions strictly from NCERT

6.Arrange following in increasing or decreasing order type questions

(From organic, Inorganic and Physical chemistry)

7. In biomolecules reactions of glucose 

8. Difference between DNA and RNA

9. Linkages exist in carbohydrate, Proteins and DNA and RNA 

10. Classification of vitamins and desease caused by there deficiency

11. Difference between...a)Reducing sugar and non reducing sugars 

b) Fibrous and Globular Protein

c) Essential and Non essential amino acids 

d)Alfa helical and beta sheet structure of protein 

e) Ideal and non ideal solutions

F) Complex compounds and double salts 

G)Molecularty and Order of reactions 

H) Positive deviation and negative deviation from Raoult's law

12. Mechanism

a) Dehydration of Alcohols 

b) Hydration of Alkene

c)SN1 and SN2 reaction and difference between these reactions 

13. Henrys law 

14 Raoult's law 

15.Kohlrausch law 

16 Collegative properties and numericals 

17. 1st and 2nd Faradays law and Numericals 

18 Vant haffs factor

19 Nernst equation and numerical

20. zero and 1st order kinetics and numericals 

21.Half life period and numerical

22. All the graphs of chemical kinetics

23.Numrecal to find activation energy (Arrahenious equation)

24. a)Isomerism in coordination compounds

b)IUPAC name of coordination compounds 

C) CFT and VBT

25. Application of kohlrausch law, Henry law 

26. Conversations of  organic compounds 

27.Effect of dilution on Molar conductivity and specifications conductivity

Molarity & molality ( Numerical)

Solubility of gases in liquids ( Henry’s law)

Raoult's law and Ideal & Non ideal solution 

Azeotrope

RLVP, ∆Tb, ∆Tf

, and Osmotic pressure, 

aAnormal molecular mass, Van't Hoff factor.

NCERT Solved examples:-5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13

NCERT Intext Ques: 5,7,8, 10,11, 

NCERT ex. ques :-6,10,14,17,23,33,40,41

Specific and molar conductivity, 

Variations of Molar conductivity with concentration, 

Kohlrausch's law, 

Electrolysis and law of electrolysis 

Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells,

Relation between Gibb’s energy change/ Kc and emf of a cell, 

Fuel cells, Batteries & corrosion.

NCERT Solved examples:-1,2,3,4,5,8,9,10,

NCERT Intext Ques: -2,5,6,7,9,12

NCERT ex. ques :-3,5,9,11,12,13,16,18

Factors affecting rate of reaction

Order and molecularity of a reaction, 

Rate law and specific rate constant,

Integrated rate equations and half-life (for zero and 1

st order 

reactions), 

Activation energy, arrhenius equation.

NCERT Solved examples:-3,5,6,8,910,11

NCERT Intext Ques:- 1,4,9

NCERT ex. ques :-2,3,6,9,11,14,18,20,21,29,30

Characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties 

of the first row transition metals –

metallic character, oxidation states, colour, catalytic property,

magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation, 

Preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.

Lanthanoids contraction and its consequences.

Oxidation state of Ce, Eu, Tb and Yb other than +3

Actinoids contraction

NCERT Solved examples:-2,4,7,8,9,10

NCERT Intext Ques:-1,2,4,6,7,10

NCERT ex. ques :-3,6,11,14,15,16,17,21,25,32,

Coordination number, colour, 

magnetic properties and shapes, 

IUPAC nomenclature and formula of mononuclear CC

Isomerism of CC

Werner's theory, VBT, and CFT;

NCERT Solved examples:-2,34,5,6,7

NCERT Intext Ques:-3,5,6,7,8,11

chemical properties, mechanism of Nucleophilic substitution 

reactions, 

optical isomerism-enantiomers

Electrophilic substitution reactions of Haloarenes

Β-dehydrohalogenation reaction

Sandmeyer, Gatterman , Swart, Finkelstien, Wurtz-Fittig 

Distinguish between RCl & RBr & RI

NCERT Solved examples:- 5,6,7,8,9

NCERT Intext Ques: 2,4,6,8

Preparation, physical and chemical properties of Primary alcohols, phenol and ether

Mechanism of dehydration of 

 Ethene to ethanol

 Ethanol to ethene 

 Ethanol to ethoxy ethane

Acidic nature of phenol, 

Identification of  PRIMARY.secondary,tritiery Alcohols

Reimer Tiemann, Kolbe’s, Williamson synthesis

Conversion:

Cumene to phenol, phenol to benzene/ Quinone/ aspirin

NCERT Solved examples:-2,3,4,5

NCERT Intext Ques: - 5,7,8,10

Mechanism of nucleophilic addition, 

Rosenmund, Stephen, Etard, Gatterman – Koch, Clemmenson’s, 

Wolf Kishner, Cannizzaro, Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky (HVZ ) Reactions

Aldol condensation, Cross aldol condensation, 

Dstinguish between:

Aldehyde & Ketones, Aldehyde & Carboxylic acids,

Carboxylic acids & phenol

NCERT Solved examples:-2,3,4,

NCERT Intext Ques: -2,3,4,5,7

Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical Reactions

Hoffmann Ammonolysis, Hoffmann bromamide degradation, 

Gabriel phthalimide synthesis, Carbylamine, Diazotisation, 

Balz-Schieman, Coupling Reactions 

NCERT Solved examples:-4,5

NCERT Intext Ques: -3,4,5,6,7

Structure of glucose and its reaction with HI, Br2, HCN,NH2OH, 

HNO3, (CH3CO)2O

D-L configuration 

Structures of sucrose, lactose, maltose, starch, cellulose, glycogen

Proteins - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides

structure of proteins

(qualitative idea only), 

denaturation of proteins; 

Vitamins - Classification and functions.

Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA.

NCERT Solved examples:-

NCERT Intext Ques: 2,3,4,5,6

WORD PROBLEMS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1 Write down the functional isomers of carbonyl compound with molecular formula C3H6O, which isomer will react faster with HCN and why? Explain the mechanism of reaction also. Will the reaction lead to the completion with the conversion of whole reactant into products at reaction condition? If a strong acid is added to the mixture what will be the effect on concentration of the product and why?

 HINTS--- CH3CH2CHO AND CH3COCH3

2 An organic compound X having molecular formula C4H8O gives orange red ppt with 2,4- DNP reagent . It does not reduce Tollens Reagent but gives yellow ppt of iodoform on heating with NaOI. Compound X on reduction with LiAlH4 gives compound Y which undergoes dehydration reaction on heating with conc H2SO4 to form But-2-ene . Identify the compound X and Y and explain the reactions.

  HINT--- X = CH3CH2 CO CH3 y = CH3CH2CH(OH) CH3

3 An organic compound A (C3H4) on hydration in presence of H2SO4 / HgSO4 gives compound B (C3H6O) . Compound B gives white crystalline product D with NaHSO3 . It gives negative Tollens Test and positive iodoform test. On drastic oxidation B gives compound C (C2 H4O2 ) along with formic acid . Identify compound A, B, C , and explain all the reactions.

 HINT--- A-- CH3C=CH

4 An unknown aldehyde A on reacting with alkali gives ɮ--hydroxy aldehyde which loses water to form an unsaturated aldehyde 2- butenal. Another aldehyde B undergoes disproportionation reaction in the presence of conc alkali to form products C and D . C is an aryl alcohol with formula C7H8O. (a) Identify A and B (b) Write the reaction involved. (c) Name the product when B reacts with Zn-Hg and HCl

HINT---- A - CH3CHO B- C6H5CHO

5 An compound X (C2H4O) on oxidation gives Y ( C2H4 O 2) . X undergoes haloform reaction . On treatment with HCN , X forms a product Z which on hydrolysis gives 2-hydroxy propanoic acid. (a) Write down the structure of X and Y . (b) Name the product when X reacts with dil NaOH ( c) Write down the equation for the reaction involved.

HINT-- X- CH3CHO Y- CH3COOH

6 An alkene A molecular formula ( C5H10) on ozonolysis gives a mixture of two compounds B and C . Compound B gives positive Fehling test and also reacts with iodine and NaOH solution. Compound C does not give Fehling test but forms iodoform . Identify compound A, B, C giving suitable explanation and write the reaction of ozonolysis and iodoform formation either B or C .

  HINT-- CH3 CH = C(CH3) –CH3

7 An organic compound A has characteric odour. On treatment with NaOH it forms compound B and C . Compound B has molecular formula C7H8O which on oxidation gives back A . The compound C is an sodium salt of acid when C is treated with sodalime , it gives an aromatic compound D . Deduce the structure of A, B, C, D . Write the reaction involved.

 HINTS-- A - C6H5CHO

8 A ketone A which undergoes haloform reaction gives compound B on reduction. B on heating with conc H2SO4 gives compound C which forms monoozonide D . The compound D on hydrolysis in presence of Zn dust gives only CH3CHO. Write the structure and IUPAC name of A, B ,C . Write reactions involved.

  HINT-- CH¬3-CO-CH2-CH3

9 Primary alkyl halide C4H9Br (a) reacted with alcoholic KOH to give compound (b) .Compound (b) is reacted with HBr to give C which is isomer of (a) . When (a) is reacted with sodium metal it gives compound (d) , C8H18 WHICH IS DIFFERENT from the comound formed when n-butyl bromide is reacted with sodium. Give the structural formula of (a) and write the equation for all reactions.

10 An aromatic compound A on treatment with aqueous ammonia and heating forms compound B which on heating with Br2 and KOH forms a compound C of molecular formula C6H7N. Write the structure and IUPAC names of the compounds.

11 An organic compound contains 69.77% acarbon, 11.63% hydrogen and rest oxygen. The molecular mass of the compound is 86. It does not reduce Tollens reagent but forms an addition compound with sodium hydrogen sulphite and give positive iodoform test. On vigorous oxidation it gives ethanoic and propanoic acid. Write the possible structure of the compound.

12 An organic compound with the molecular formula C9H10O forms 2,4-DNP derivative , reduce Tollens Reagent and undergoes Cannizzaro reaction. On vigorous oxidation , it gives 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid . Identify the compound.

13 An organic compound A molecular formula C8H16O2 was hydrolysed with dilute sulphuric acid to give a carboxylic acid B and an alcohol C . On oxidation of C with chromic acid produced B . C on dehydration gives but-1-ene . Write equations for reactions involved.

14 An organic compound A with molecular formula C8H8O forms an orange red precipitate with 2,4- DNP reagent and gives yellow ppt on heating with iodine in the presence of sodium hydroxide. It neither reduce Tollens or Fehling reagent, nor does it decolourise bromine water or Bayers reagent. On drastic oxidation with chromic acid , it gives a carboxylic acid B having molecular formula C7H6O2. Identify the comound A and B and explain the reaction involved.

Important Distinguish between organic pairs

Class XII Chemistry Distinguish between organic pairs

Lucas test

• Used to distinguish primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols.

• Lucas reagent – equimolar mixture of conc. HCl and anhydrous ZnCl2

• Alcohol is treated with Lucas reagent, turbidity due to the formation of insoluble alkyl chloride is observed.

• If the turbidity appears immediately, the alcohol is tertiary.

• If the turbidity appears in about five minutes, the alcohol is secondary.

• A primary alcohol does not react with Lucas reagent at room temperature and hence no turbidity is formed.

Iodoform test

• Iodoform test is a test for the CH3-CO group and is characteristic for alcohols and methyl ketones

• Reagents- compounds containing CH3-CO or CH3-CH(OH) group, sodium hydroxide and iodine 

• Product formed- iodoform,(CHI3) which is a pale yellow in colour

Tollens’ test

• Given by aldehydes and formic acid.

• Tollen’s reagent- ammoniacal silver nitrate solution 

• The aldehydes are oxidised to corresponding carboxylate anion.The reaction occurs in alkaline medium.

• A bright silver mirror is produced due to the formation of silver metal.

• Also known as Silver mirror test.

Fehling’s test

• Fehling reagent comprises of two solutions,

• Fehling solution A and Fehling solution B

• Fehling solution A is aqueous copper sulphate 

• Fehling solution B is alkaline sodium potassium tartarate (Rochelle salt).

• On heating an aldehyde with Fehling’s reagent, a reddish brown precipitate is obtained

this test is not given by benzaldehyde

Azo dye test

• It involves the reaction of any aromatic primary amine with nitrous acid followed by treatment with an alkaline solution of 2-naphthol, when a brilliant yellow , orange or red coloured dye is obtained.

• Used to distinguish between aliphatic primary amine and aromatic primary amine.

Hinsberg’s test

• Used for distinguishing primary, secondary and tertiary amines.

• Hinsberg’s reagent- benzenesulphonyl chloride (C6H5SO2Cl)

• In this test amine is shaken with Hinsberg’s reagent in presence of excess of aqueous KOH solution.

• A primary amine gives a clear solution which on acidification gives an insoluble N-alkylbenzenesulphonamide.10

• A secondary amine gives an insoluble N,N-dialkylbenzenesulphonamide which remains unaffected on addition of acid.

• A tertiary amine does not react at all. Therefore, it remains insoluble in the alkaline solution but dissolves on acidification to give a clear solution.

Carbylamine test-

only Primary aliphatic and aromatic amines are treated with chloroform and KOH . they produce isocynide (RNC) compound having foul smells.

Sodium bicarbonate test-

Carboxylic acids react with NaHCO3 with Brisk effeverscene and librates CO2 gas passed lime water becomes milky due to formation of calcium carbonates.futher more passed through it. its milkiness disappears due to formation of calcium bicarbonate 

while phenol being acidic it does not give this test because phenol is weak acid than carboxylic acids(carboxylic acids having most stable resonating structures)

Ferric chloride tests FeCl3.- phenol reacts with FeCl3 ,forms purple/violet coloured complex 

The given organic samples are teated with ferric chlorides If the sample turns to red, green, purple, or blue colouration then it indicates the presence of phenols and its derivatives.

Ferric chloride will not react with any aliphatic alcohol

Differentiate 

1. Phenol and benzoic acid

2. Butan-1-ol and 2-methylpropan-2ol

3. CH3CH2NH2 and(CH3)2NH

4. Ethyl amine and diethyl amine

5. Propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol

6. Methyl ethanoate and ethyl ethanoate

7. Aniline and N-ethyl aniline

8.  N methyl propane-2 amine and N -ethyl-N methyl ethanmine

9. Aniline and benzylamine

10. Ethylamine and Aniline

 JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA RATIBAD BHOPAL

UNIT 12-ALDEHYDE KETONE AND CARBOXYLIC ACID

NOMENCLATURE

(1) Draw the structure of

i. 4-chloropentan-2-one.  (iii) 2-methylbutanal. (iv) 3-methylpentanal.

ii. p-Methylbenzaldehyde (v) 1-phenyl Propan-1-one

(2) Write the name of 

NAME REACTION

(1) Rosenmund reduction (02) Wolf kishner reduction (03) Etard reaction

(4) Aldol condensation (05) Cross aldol condensation (06) Ozonolysis

(7) Cannizzaro's reaction (08) Clemmensen reduction (09)   Decrboxylation

(10) Gatterman koach reaction (11) Kolbe reaction (12) Easterification

(13) Hell volhard zelinsky (HVZ)

CONVERSION

(1) Acetophenone to Benzoic acid (08) Benzoic acid to Benzaldehyde

(2) Benzoic acid from ethylbenzene (09) But-2-enal from ethanol

(3) Benzyl chloride to phenyl ethanoic acid (10) Butanoic acid from butanol

(4) Ethanoic acid to 2-Hydroxyethanoic acid (11) Propanone to propene

(5) Ethyne to Ethanal (12) Benzaldehyde from Phenol

(6) Benzaldehyde from toluene (13) Ethanol to acetone

(7) Benzene to acetophenone

REASONING

(1) Cl–CH2COOH is a stronger acid than CH3COOH. Why?

(2) Carboxylic acids do not give reactions of carbonyl group. Why?

(3) HCHO is more reactive than CH3–CHO towards addition of HCN. Why?

(4) pKa of NO2–CH2–COOH is lower than that of CH3–COOH. Why?

(5) The boiling points of aldehydes and ketones are lower than of the corresponding acids. Why?

(6) What is Tollens’ reagent? Write one usefulness of this reagent.

(7) Write the composition of Fehling solution?

(8) Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones towards nucleophilic reagents.

(9) Aldehydes and Ketones have lower boiling points than corresponding alcohols. Why?

DISTINGUISH

(1) Benzoic acid & ethyl benzoate (07) Benzaldehyde & acetophenone

(2) Benzoic acid & Phenol (08) Propanal & Propanone

(3) Butanal & Butan-2-one (09) Pentan-2-one & Pentan-3-one

(4) Ethanal and Propanal (10) Benzaldehyde & benzophenone

(5) Propanal and butanone (11) Benzaldehyde & benzoic acid

(6) Out of CH3CH2–CO–CH2–CH3 and CH3CH2–CH2–CO–CH3, which gives iodoform test?

COMPLETE FOLLOWING EQUATION

(1) Write the products formed when CH3CHO reacts with the following reagents

(i) HCN (ii) H2N-OH (iii) CH3CHO in the presence of dilute NaOH

(2) Write the structures of the products when Butan-2-ol reacts with the following:

(3) (i) CrO3 (ii) SOCl2

BRAIN STORMING QUESTION

1. An organic compound A, having the formula, C3H8O, on treatment with copper at 573 K, gives B. B does not reduce Fehling’s solution but gives a yellow precipitate of the compound C with I2/NaOH. Deduce the structure of A, B and C.

2. An organic compound (A) which has characteristic odour, on treatment with NaOH forms two compounds (B) and (C). Compound (B) has the molecular formula C7H8O which on oxidation with CrO3 gives back compound (A). Compound (C) is the sodium salt of the acid. Compound (C) when heated with soda lime yields an aromatic hydrocarbon (D). Deduce the structures of (A), (B), (C) and (D). Write chemical equations for all reactions taking place.

3. An organic compound with molecular formula C9H10O forms 2,4-DNP derivative, reduces Tollen’s reagent and undergoes Cannizzaro’s reaction. On vigorous oxidation it gives 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid. Identify the compound.

4. An organic compound (A) with molecular formula C8H8O forms an orange red precipitate with 2, 4-DNP reagent and gives yellow precipitate on heating with I2 and NaOH. It neither reduces Tollens’ reagent nor Fehling’s reagent, nor does it decolourise bromine water or Baeyer’s reagent. On drastic oxidation with chromic acid, it gives a carboxylic acid (B) having molecular formula C7H6O2. Identify the compounds (A) and (B) and explain the reactions involved.

5. An organic compound with molecular formula C5H10O does not reduce Tollens’ reagent but forms an addition compound with sodium hydrogen sulphite and gives a positive iodoform test. On vigorous oxidation, it gives ethanoic acid and propanoic acid. Identify the compound and write all chemical equations for the reactions.

6. An organic compound A has the molecular formula C8H16O2. It gets hydrolysed with dilute sulphuric acid and gives a carboxylic acid B and an alcohol C. Oxidation of C with chromic acid also produced B. C on dehydration reaction gives but-1-ene. Write equations for the reactions involved.

7. An organic compound with molecular formula C9H10O forms 2,4-DNP derivative, reduces Tollen’s reagent and undergoes Cannizzaro’s reaction. On vigorous oxidation it gives 1,2-benzene-di-carboxylic acid. Identify the compound.

8. A ketone A(C4H8O), which undergoes a haloform reaction gives compound B on reduction. B on heating with sulphuric acid gives a compound C which forms monozonide D. D on hydrolysis in presence of zinc dust gives only acetaldehyde E. Identify A, B, C, D and E. Write the reactions involved.

An organic compound A(C3H6O) is resistant to oxidation but forms compound B(C3H8O) on reduction. B reacts with HBr to form the compound C. C with Mg forms Grignard reagent D which reacts with A to form a product which on hydrolysis gives E. Identify A and E.

Type of Hydrogen- Green Hydrogen Brown Hydrogen Grey Hydrogen Blue Hydrogen

Types of Hydrogen on the basis of production

Green Hydrogen

It is produced by electrolysis of water using renewable energy like wind, solar energy. India is front runner for production of green hydrogen.

Brown Hydrogen

It is hydrogen produced by using of coal. Emission gases are released in atmosphere.

Grey Hydrogen

It is hydrogen produced by using natural gas. Emission gases are released into atmosphere.

Blue Hydrogen

In this hydrogen is produced by using natural gas, and emission gases are absorbed and not to be released into atmosphere.

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT OF

“preparation of soap and their cleaning agent”

 Guided by: 

Submitted by:

 

 

 

 

 

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that

Master………………………………..………………………………..…………………………………a student

Of class 12 XII science has successfully completed the project “preparation of soap and their cleansing agent” under guidance of Mr. MUKESH KR. BABELE( PGT-CHEMISTRY). During the academic year 2020-21 in partial fulfillment of chemistry practical examination conducted by AISSCE,DELHI.

 

 

 

SIGN OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER::

 

 

SIGN OF SUBJECT TEACHER::

 

 

SIGN OF PRINCIPAL::

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

 

First of all I am immensely indebted to almighty god for his blessings of and grace without which I could not have undertaken this task and my efforts would never have been success.

I would like to sincerely and profusely thank MR. MUKESH KUMAR BABELE

For the valuable guidance,  advice and for giving useful suggestions and relevant ideas facilitate and easy and early completion of this project.

This guidance and support received from my entire classmates who contributed and who are contributing to this project, is vital for the success of this project. I am greatful for their constant support and help.

I also owe sense of gratitude to my parents for encouragement and support throughout the project.

 

 

 

 

SIGNATURE OF STUDENT::

 

CONTENTS

 

SR.NO.	TITLE
1	AIM
2	INTRODUCTION
3	MICELLE
4	TO PREPARE SAMPLE OF SOAP
5	PROCEDURE
6	PROPERTIES
7	HARD WATER REACTION
8	THE UNIVERSE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOAPS
9	BIODEGRADABLE AND NON BIODEGRADABLE
10	DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOAP AND DETERGENTS

 

 

  

 

TO STUDY THE PREPARATION OF SOAP AND THEIR CLEANSING AGENT

 

INTRODUCTION

In chemistry, soap is a salt of a fatty acid. Soap are mainly used as surfactants for washing, bathing, cleaning .

Fats and oils are composed or triglycerides; three molecules of fatty acids are attached to a single molecules of glycerol. The alkaline solution, which is often called lye, brings about a chemical reaction as saponification .

They have a polar end  which is hydrophilic (water loving) and a long non-polar chain which is hydrophobic (water hating). As a consequence, they can form emulsion by suspending oil in water.

FATTY  END OF WATER SOLUBLE END

CH3-(CH2)n-COONa

Soaps are useful for cleaning because soap molecules have both a hydrophilic end, which dissolves in water, as well as hydrophobic end, which is able to dissolve non-polar grease molecules.

 

MICELLE

Micelles is an aggregate of surfactant molecules disperse in a liquid colloid.

In an aqueous  solution, molecules having polar or charged or group and non polar regions (amphiphilic  molecules) from aggregate called micelle. In a micelle, polar or ionic heads from an outer shell in contact with water, while non-polar tails are sequestered in the interior.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hence, the core of a micelle being formed of long non-polar tails, resembles an oil gasoline drop. The number of amphiphilic molecules forming the aggregate is called aggregation number ; it is a way to describe the size of the micelle.

 

TO PREPARE SAMPLE OF SOAP AND TO EXAMINE ITS PROPERTIES::

EQUIPMENT’S:-

*250ml beaker

*sodium hydroxide(20% solution)

*100ml beaker

*ethanol

*wire gauge

*saturated solution of sodium chloride

*laboratory burner

*CaCl (5% solution)

*glass stirring rod

*MgCl2 (5% solution )

*test tube and FeCl (5% solution)

*filter flask and burner funnel

*kerosene and filter paper

*cooking oil and graduated cylinder

*watch glass to extinguished ethanol flames

 

PROCEDURE:-

1.Measure 20 gm of cooking oil into a 250ml beaker. At 20 ml of ethanol and 25ml of 20% NaOH solution. Stir the mixture in the beaker, place the beaker on wire gauge on a rings stand and heat gently.

2. Heat until the odor disappears.

3. Turns of the burner and allow the beaker to cool down 

4. move it safely to bensetop

 

   5. At that 100ml of saturated NaCl  to your soap preparation and stir the mixture thoroughly.

6. It is used to remove the soap from water, glycerol and any excess NaOH present.

7. Filter of the soap with vacuum filtration apparatus and wash once with ice water.

8. Weigh your dried soap and record the weight.

 

PROPERTIES

WASHING  PROPERTIES

Take a small amount of soap and try to wash your hands with it. It should lather rather easily if soft water or deionized water.

EMULSIFICATION

Put 5-10 drops of kerosene in test tube containing 10ml water shake to mix. Emulsification or suspension of tiny oil droplets in water from formed ..let this stand for a few minutes.

Prepare a another test tube with the same ingredients and also add a small portion (1/2 gm)of your soap. Shake to mix, compare the relative stability of the two emulsion.

 

HARD WATER REACTION

Take 1g of your soap and warm it with 150ml of water in a 100ml beaker.

When you have obtained a reasonably clear solution. Pour about 15ml into each of three test tubes.

Test one of the three test tubes with 10 drops of 5% CaCl2 solution, one with 10 drops of 5% MgCl2 solution and one with 10 drops 5% FeCl3 solution.

Let these solution stand, then make your observation.

BASICITY:- Soap with free alkali can be very damaging to skin, silk or wool.

It’s test

Dissolve a small piece of your soap in 15ml of ethanol and then add two drops of phenolphthalein. It the indicators turns red, the presence of free alkali is indicated.

It the indicators turns red, the presence of free alkali is indicator.

·      Fats and oils are hydrolyzed with a high pressure to yield crude fatty acids and glycerols.

·      The fatty acid are then purified by distillation and neutralized with an alkali to produce soap and water.

·      Fatty acid + NaOH > glycerol + sodium soap

·      Sodium soaps are “hard” soap

·      The more saturated the oil (tropical vegetables oils such as coconut oil), the harder the soap.

Fatty acid + KOH > glycerol + potassium soap

 

Potassium soap are softer and are found in some liquid hand soap and shaving cream.

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I would like to acknowledge the following sources through which I obtained vital information which contributed in the completion of this project:

 

        I.            slideshare.com

     II.            wikipedia.org

   III.            icbse.co.in

  IV.            scribd.com