PROJECT REPORT
To
find the Determination of Contents of Tooth Powder
Exam. Roll No. :
Class
:
Name
:
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this bonafide project work in the
subject of chemistry has been done by ______________ of
class XII science in the academic year 2015-2016 and
submitted to AISSCE practical examination conducted by
CBSE at Embassy of India School Moscow on _______________
TEACHER IN CHARGE PRINCIPAL
INTERNAL
EXAMINER EXTERNAL
EXAMINER
Aim : To find the Determination
of Contents of Tooth Powder/To test the acid and basic radicals in the
toothpowder
Theory:
Toothpowder is a powder used with hands
or with a toothbrush to clean and maintain the aesthetics and health of teeth.
Toothpowder is used to promote oral hygiene: it can aid in the removal of
dental plaque and food from the teeth, aid in the elimination and/or masking of
halitosis and deliver active ingredients such as fluoride or xylitol to prevent
tooth and gum disease
While the exact formula of
each brand of toothpaste is proprietary, most toothpowders contain the same
basic ingredients. These include:
Fluoride: Perhaps the most
important toothpowders ingredient is fluoride. Fluoride incorporates itself
into tooth enamel making your teeth more resistant to acids produced by plaque
bacteria, as well as acids found in fruit juices, soda (both regular and diet)
and certain foods. In toothpowders, fluoride is found in the form of sodium
monofluorophosphate, stannous fluoride, or sodium fluoride.
Abrasives: Abrasives give
toothpowders its cleaning power. They remove stains and plaque, as well as
polish teeth. Common abrasives include calcium phosphates, alumina, calcium
carbonate, and silica. Toothpowders should be abrasive enough to remove plaque
and stains, but not abrasive enough to damage tooth enamel. Damaged tooth
enamel also causes yellowing as the thinned enamel reveals the yellowish dentin
layer below. Over the years, manufacturers have been quietly reducing the
abrasiveness of their toothpowders.
Preservatives: Preservatives
prevent the growth of microorganisms in toothpowders and eliminate the need to
refrigerate toothpowders. Common preservatives include sodium benzoate, methyl
paraben, and ethyl paraben.
Flavoring
Agents: These are added to improve the taste of toothpowders. You may have
noticed that toothpowders have very strong flavoring.This is necessary to cover
up the horrid taste of most detergents, especially SLS.
Sweeteners: Sweeteners also
improve the taste of toothpowders. Most toothpowder sweeteners are artificial
and contribute very little to cavity formation. Saccharin is a common
toothpowder sweetener
TEST FOR ACID
RADICAL:
|
Experiment
|
Observation
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Inference
|
|
Dilute sulphuric acid test
A small amount of salt was treated with
1-2 ml of dilute sulphuric acid.
|
Colourless and odourless gas.
Brisk effervescence and evolution of
carbon
dioxide which turns lime water milky.
|
CO32 – may
be Present
|
|
[1] To the solution of the salt dilute
HCl was added.
[2] To the solution of the salt magnesium sulphate solution was added.
|
[1] Brisk effervescence and evolution
of carbon
dioxide which turns lime water
milky.
[2] White precipitate was obtained.
|
CO3 2– confirmed
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TEST FOR ACID
RADICAL:
|
Experiment
|
Observation
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Inference
|
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Dilute
sulphuric acid test
A small amount of salt was treated with 1-2 ml of dilute sulphuric
acid.
|
No Observation
|
CO32 – SO32 – S2 – NO 2– are absent
|
|
Concentrated
sulphuric acid test
A small amount of salt was treated with 1-2 ml of conc.sulphuric
acid.
|
No Observation
|
Cl – Br
– I – NO3 –
CH3COO – are
absent
|
|
Salt solution + conc.HNO3
, boiled. Then + Ammonium molybdate solution + boiled.
|
A canary yellow ppt. was obtained.
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PO43– confirmed
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TEST FOR BASIC
RADICAL
|
Experiment
|
Observation
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Inference
|
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Test for ammonium (ZERO GROUP)
A little of soda lime was added to the salt on a watch glass and
rubbed with few drops of water.
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No Gas evolved
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NH4+ is absent.
|
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To the salt solution dil. HCl was added.
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No ppt. was formed
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Gr-I ( Pb2+) is absent.
|
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To the filtrate of the above solution H2S gas was passed.
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No ppt. was formed
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Gr-II ( Pb2+ ,Cu 2+, As 3+) absent.
|
|
To the filtrate few drops of conc. HNO3 was added and H2S
gas was boiled off and filtered. To the filtrate NH4Cl and NH4OH were added.
|
No ppt. was formed
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Gr-III ( Fe3+) absent
|
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To the filtrate of the above solution H2S gas was passed.
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No ppt. was formed
|
Gr-IV(Mn2+,Zn2+,Ni2+,Co2+)Radicals
absent
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GROUP –V ANALYSIS {The ppt. of group-V was dissolved in hot dil.
acetic acid and divided into three parts:}
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Experiment
|
Observation
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Inference
|
|
[1] First part + Ammonium oxalate
solution
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White ppt. was obtained
|
Ca2+ confirmed
|
RESULT:
The given Salt contains carbonate (CO32
–) &
Phospahte PO43– as anion
& Calcium Ca2+as cation.
Conclusion:
Several of the ingredients in
toothpastes are found by some environmentally damaging or hazardous to the
personal health.
These ingredients include:
•Artificial flavoring
• Artificial colors
• Triclosan
• Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)
• Detergents
• Fluoride
• Preservatives such as Methylparaben and Ethylparaben-parabens
• Pyrophosphate
Homemade tooth powders are made by
mixing 3 parts baking soda (cleanser)
thoroughly with 1 part salt (the abrasive). As a direct result of these
concerns, some people have started making their own tooth paste instead, which
-while still not completely ecologic due to the use of baking soda- still
eliminates much environmentally or health damaging ingredients. Also,
commercial toothpowders are made which are less or even non-environmentally
damaging. Such preparations are made from herbal resins, propolis and myrrh.